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<title>Akbar Muhammad</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Akbar Muhammad</span></span>

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<p>

<b>Akbar Muhammad</b> (1939 – April 12, 2016)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an associate Professor Emeritus of history and Africana studies at <a href="Binghamton_University" title="Binghamton University">Binghamton University</a> in <a href="New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>. He specialized in <a href="African_history" class="mw-redirect" title="African history">African history</a>, West African social history, as well as the study of <a href="Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> in Africa and the Americas. He was the co-editor of <i>Racism, Sexism, and the World-System</i>, along with <a href="Joan_Smith_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joan Smith (writer)">Joan Smith</a>, Jane Collins, and Terrence K. Hopkins. His own writings focused on slavery in Muslim Africa, Muslims in the United States, and integration in <a href="Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> through the use of education.<sup id="cite_ref-Frontline_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frontline-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He held a notable role in the history of the <a href="Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Curtis_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curtis-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Roof_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roof-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DeCaro_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeCaro-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2></div>

<p>Akbar Muhammad was the youngest child of <a href="Elijah_Muhammad" title="Elijah Muhammad">Elijah Muhammad</a> and <a href="Clara_Muhammad" title="Clara Muhammad">Clara Muhammad</a> and the brother of <a href="Imam" title="Imam">Imam</a> <a href="Warith_Deen_Mohammed" title="Warith Deen Mohammed">Warith Deen Mohammed</a>. He received his <a href="Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">Doctor of Philosophy</a> from <a href="Edinburgh_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Edinburgh University">Edinburgh University</a> in <a href="Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>. While completing his degree from Edinburgh, Muhammad was appointed as a founding director of Afro-American Studies at <a href="Vanderbilt_University" title="Vanderbilt University">Vanderbilt University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He served on the board of trustees for the American Islamic College in <a href="Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>. Through his years in Cairo, he became fluent in <a href="Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Frontline_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frontline-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Akbar was in Egypt he studied at the prestigious Muslim University, Al-Azhar University. Akbar loved teaching at SUNY Binghamton University in upstate New York. Akbar was widely respected by his students at SUNY Binghamton University. Through the help of Akbar in teaching about the history of Islam, Binghamton University's Muslim Student Association became one of the strongest student organization in the SUNY college system.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muslimnewsmagazine.tv/akbar-muhammad-passes-away.html">"Academic Scholar Dr. Akbar Muhammad Passes Away; Leaves Behind Historic Muslim Legacy"</a>. <i>www.muslimnewsmagazine.tv</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 20,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Frontline-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frontline_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frontline_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMuhammad" class="citation interview cs1">Muhammad, Akbar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/muslims/interviews/akbar.html">"Frontline"</a>. <i><a href="Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">Public Broadcasting Service</a></i> (Interview)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 15,</span> 2010</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Curtis-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Curtis_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCurtis2006" class="citation book cs1">Curtis, Edward E. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VdcQNcJZoSgC"><i>Black Muslim Religion in the Nation of Islam, 1960-1975</i></a>. UNC Press Books. p. 241. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8078-5771-8</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Roof-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roof_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRoof2000" class="citation book cs1">Roof, Wade Clark (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iI8YAAAAIAAJ"><i>Contemporary American Religion</i></a>. Macmillan Reference USA. p. 861. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-02-864926-5</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-DeCaro-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DeCaro_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDeCaro1997" class="citation book cs1">DeCaro, Louis A. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a7U9xrYAlNQC"><i>On the Side of My People: A Religious Life of Malcolm X</i></a>. NYU Press. p. 363. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8147-1891-4</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRooks" class="citation book cs1">Rooks, Noliwe. <i>White Money Black Power</i>. p. 112.</cite></span>

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